Yugra State University Bulletin

Subject of research: regulatory legal acts regulating the use of technical means of supervision and control in institutions of the penal system of the Russian Federation.

Purpose of research: to formulate a definition of the concept of "technical means" in relation to the activities of the management system, to consider options for classifying technical means of supervision and control.

Methods of research: the methodological basis of this research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main place is occupied by the comparative legal method, methods of abstraction, consistency, analysis, synthesis, generalization.

The object of the study is the technical means of supervision and control in the institutions of the penitentiary system.

Research findings: based on the analysis, the author's definition of the concept of "technical means" is formulated in relation to the activities of UIS, and classification options for such means are proposed. Technical means in the UIS can be understood as a set of equipment, products, devices, devices, technologies and other objects designed to carry out tasks assigned to the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia; the classification of technical means used in the UIS is not legally defined. The author's proposed classification of such tools makes it possible to fully implement the requirements of article 83 of the Penal Enforcement Code of the Russian Federation that the list of technical means of supervision and control is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Modern technologies and the openness of most information databases on the main indicators of the functioning of penitentiary systems in foreign countries make it possible to identify global negative trends in such a complex sphere of public relations, and, more importantly, to formulate a set of measures to eliminate and prevent their occurrence. That is why an objective and large-scale assessment of the state of the process of executing criminal penalties in penitentiary systems around the world needs regular analysis, being the key to their stable functioning and development.

Purpose of research: to consistently study the global problematic aspects of the execution of criminal penalties based on research conducted by international organizations, including: overcrowding in places of detention, low wages for employed prisoners, problems of quality medical services in prisons, corruption. To analyze the strategy of international penitentiary reform for 2024-2028 developed by the international organization for Criminal Justice Reform.

Research methods: the author uses such research methods as: analysis and synthesis, logical, comparative, system-structural.

Research findings: agreeing with the need to continue a systematic independent analysis of global penitentiary trends, the author emphasizes that the Concept of the development of the penal enforcement system of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030, currently being implemented in Russia, fully corresponds to the global trend of improving the process of execution of criminal penalties.

Subject of research: data on the place of serving sentences of those sentenced to imprisonment for official offenses, their work activity, financial status, attitude to work, study and educational work, visits carried out, incentive measures received and penalties imposed.

Purpose of research: to analyze the data obtained in relation to this category of persons containing penal characteristics of those convicted of official offenses in order to study their behavior in places of deprivation of liberty, attitudes towards punishment and success in achieving the goals of penal enforcement legislation.

Research methods: formal legal, statistical (correlation analysis and descriptive statistics methods), as well as methods of generalization and synthesis.

Object of research: public relations functioning in the field of the execution of criminal penalties in the form of imprisonment in relation to those convicted of official offenses.

Research findings:

• the vast majority of this category of convicts are serving their sentences in the subjects of the Russian Federation where they did not live before their conviction, which may negatively affect their preservation of socially useful ties, their successful re-socialization and social adaptation after release;
• those convicted of official crimes serve their sentences in institutions of almost all types. At the same time, the court most often changes the type of correctional institution in the direction of improvement for this category of prisoners (compared to the total mass of convicts), which indicates that criminals are more prone to persistent positive behavior;
• those who have committed official crimes are more likely to enter into labor relations, participate in educational work, violate the conditions of serving their sentences to a lesser extent, etc. These circumstances, together with the fact concerning the change in the type of correctional institution, indicate the possibility of a more private application of institutions of early release from serving a sentence in relation to official criminals (for example, conditional early release from serving a sentence, replacement of the unserved part of the sentence with a milder type).

Subject of research: the norms of administrative and criminal legislation on countering the sale of tobacco and nicotine-containing products to minors, as well as regulatory legislation on state regulation of the production and turnover of tobacco products, tobacco products, nicotine-containing products and raw materials for their production.

Purpose of research: to determine the criminalizing features of the corpus delicti provided for in Article 151.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, where tobacco and nicotine-containing products are the subject of the crime.

Research methods: dialectical, system-structural, analysis and synthesis, logical.

Object of research: is public relations to counteract the sale of tobacco and nicotine-containing products to minors.

Research findings:

• the necessity of strengthening the responsibility of criminal law means in countering the sale of tobacco and nicotine-containing products to minors is substantiated;
• some inaccuracies of the protective legislation regarding the description of the subject of administrative and criminal law tort have been identified;
• the excessive leniency of the criminal law sanction in comparison with the administrative one for a similar division is justified.

In this paper, YOLOv8 series models for recognizing plagioclases in thin sections are studied.

Subject of research: application of algorithms for mineral recognition (in this case, plagioclases) under the microscope.

Purpose of research: is to identify the best model for mineral identification and to select databases for optimal model operation.

Research methods: calculation and comparison of performance metrics, analysis using neural network models of labeled images of rocks taken on a polarizing microscope with the analyzer turned on, and containing plagioclases.

Object of research: algorithms for pattern recognition.

Research findings: data on the effectiveness of various models were obtained, the metrics Precision, Recall, mAP50 and mAP50-95 were calculated. The best results of mineral recognition were shown by the YOLOv8n model, the accuracy of object detection was 0,808. The YOLOv8 series models were also trained on an extremely small amount of data (20 photo), metrics were obtained and their operation was tested under such conditions.

Subject of research: initial-boundary value problem for the fundamental equation of fractional wave mechanics with fractional Gerasimov – Kaputo time derivative and the influence of the numerical solution parameters on the accuracy and stability of quantum system modeling.

Purpose of research: to conduct numerical experiments to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme, demonstrating its applicability to problems involving fractional quantum dynamics.

Research methods: the matrix sweep method and multidimensional modeling are used to approximate the solution, a corresponding finite-difference scheme is constructed; special attention is paid to the algorithm of the constructed numerical scheme and the assessment of the influence of fractional parameters on the accuracy and stability of the solution.

Objects of research: numerical solution of the fundamental equation of wave mechanics with fractional Gerasimov – Kaputo time derivative as a mathematical model of quantum processes.

Research findings: the obtained numerical data allow us to identify patterns of changes in the system's behavior depending on the characteristics of fractional differentiation, which is especially important in modeling complex physical processes. The results provide insight into the behavior of the solution and contribute to the development of reliable computational methods for fractional differential equations. The developed technique can be applied to a wide class of problems, including modeling of transport processes, wave phenomena, and quantum dynamics in systems with anomalous diffusion. The proposed approaches open up new possibilities for studying fractional time systems and can be useful in developing high-precision numerical algorithms.

Subject of research: this article addresses the issue of promptly identifying sources of pollution in small rivers using a modified Streeter – Phelps – Shishkin model that describes the processes of dispersion and degradation of organic pollutants in water.

Purpose of research: to develop a concept for an autonomous monitoring system capable of real-time detection of pollution sources, relying solely on data from oxygen sensors.

Methods and objects of research: the model is represented as a system of differential equations, with the inverse problem solved using the Nelder – Mead method.

Research findings: examples of code and simulation results are provided, demonstrating the impact of parameters such as discharge intensity and aeration coefficients on oxygen levels and pollutant concentrations along the river. To determine pollution characteristics like location and intensity of the discharge, the Nelder – Mead method is used to solve the inverse problem based on data from oxygen sensors. Numerical experiments have confirmed the method's sufficient accuracy for practical application. A concept for an autonomous monitoring system has been developed, which can identify pollution sources in real-time using only data from oxygen sensors. This approach has the potential to create effective and economical tools for environmental monitoring, protecting small water bodies from anthropogenic impact, contributing to ecosystem preservation and enhancing ecological safety.