Methods for measuring electron concentration in shock waves

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Abstract

The current state of research on measuring the electron concentration in low-temperature plasma in the vicinity of a strong shock wave, which simulates the conditions of the descend spacecraft entry into the Earth’s atmosphere is considered. Various physicochemical processes leading to the formation of low-temperature plasma both ahead of the shock wave front and in the shock-heated gas are analyzed. A critical review of various plasma diagnostic methods is made, their advantages and disadvantages are noted. An analysis of numerous experimental data on measuring the electron concentration in various shock-heated gases under various conditions was carried out.

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About the authors

G. Ya. Gerasimov

Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: vyl69@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

V. Yu. Levashov

Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: vyl69@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

P. V. Kozlov

Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: vyl69@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

N. G. Bykova

Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: vyl69@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

I. E. Zabelinsky

Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: vyl69@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of ionization processes before the shock wave: a – diffusion, b – photoionization [20]. The arrow shows the direction of movement of the shock wave.

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3. Fig. 2. Dependence of the electron concentration in front of a strong shock wave in air on the distance to the shock front, measured by the probe method at VSW = 12.3 (1), 11.5 (2) and 10.7 km/s (3) [40]. Initial pressure p0 = 0.23 Torr.

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4. Fig. 3. Dependence of the electron concentration behind a strong shock wave in air on the shock wave velocity, measured by the probe method [43]. The line is the results of the equilibrium calculation.

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5. Fig. 4. Electron concentrations measured behind a strong shock wave in air based on the analysis of the Stark broadening of the N lines (410 and 411 nm) at p0 = 0.9 (1), 0.5 (2), 0.2 (3) and 0.1 Torr (4) [57]. The lines are the result of an equilibrium calculation.

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6. Fig. 5. Time dependence of the electron concentration in a 1% O2 + Ar mixture behind a reflected shock wave at T = 11209 K and p = 0.37 atm, measured by the Stark broadening (1) and Stark shift (2) methods [58]. The line is the calculation results.

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7. Fig. 6. Intensity of the emission spectral lines of argon measured in the plasma of a magnetron discharge at a discharge power of 1 kW and a pressure of 0.06 Pa (1) and calculated using the collision-radiation model (2) [62].

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8. Fig. 7. Comparison of the experimental dependence ne = ne(x) behind the incident shock wave in Ar (1) at p0 = 5 Torr and VSW = 4.2 km/s [75] with the results of calculation (2) using the collision-radiation model [76].

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9. Fig. 8. Comparison of the time dependences of ne measured by a microwave interferometer with Lecher lines (triangles) and horn-lens focusing (squares) during ignition of a mixture of 0.5% CH4 + 2% O2 + 97.5% Ar behind a reflected shock wave [77].

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