Patterns of Changes in Radiolarian Associations in the Early Tournaisian (Mississippian) and Kungurian (Cisuralian) in Eastern European Russia

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Abstract

There are important morphological differences between the dominant higher taxa (classes) in associations of radiolarians that lived at different depths of paleobasins. A similar inversion of dominant radiolarian taxa can be seen in the Early Tournaisian (Mississippian) and the Kungurian (Cisuralian) and may indicate a change in their habitat from deeper conditions where porous Sphaerellaria dominant, to less deep-water shelf environments, in which spongy-lattice Spumellaria prevailed.

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M. S. Afanasieva

Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: afanasieva@paleo.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 117647

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Locations of Kungurian radiolarians in the Southern Urals (I and II), early Tournian in the Volga-Ural (III) and Caspian (IV) basins: I - Ai River, Alegazovo village, Alegazovo section (Kozur, Mostler, 1989); II - Yuryuzan River, Mechetlino village, Mechetlino section (Chernykh et al., 2022; Afanasieva, 2023a; Afanasieva, 2023); III - Melekesskaya-1 well (Afanasyeva, 2022a, 2022b, 2023b; Afanasieva et al., 2023; Fortunatova et al., 2023); IV - Karachaganak massif (Afanasyeva, 1987, 2000).

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3. Fig. 2. Distribution of radiolarians in the Tournaisian deposits of the Lower Carboniferous: a – Southern France, Cabières, Hérault, Hautes-Pyrenees (Deflandre, 1952, 1953; Holdsworth, 1973, 1977; Gourmelon, 1985, 1986, 1987); b – North Africa, Algeria, Sahara (Gourmelon, 1988); c – Turkey, Istanbul (Holdsworth, 1973, 1977; Noble et al., 2008); d – Germany, Rhenish Slate Mountains (Braun, 1989, 1990; Won, 1983, 1991a, b, 1992, 1998; Won, Seo, 2010); d – Kazakhstan, Caspian Basin, Karachaganak massif (Afanasyeva, 1987, 2000); e, g – Russia: (e) Volga-Ural basin, Melekesskaya-1 well (Afanasyeva, 2022a, 2022b, 2023b; Afanasieva et al., 2023; Fortunatova et al., 2023), (g) Orenburg Cis-Urals (Afanasyeva, Kononova, 2009; Afanasieva, Kononova, 2009); w–m – USA: (h, i) Alaska and Nevada (Holdsworth, Jones, 1980), (k) Utah (Park, Won, 2012), (l) North Dakota (Nazarov, Ormiston, 1987), (m) Oklahoma (Ormiston, Lane, 1976; Cheng, 1986; Schwartzapfel, Holdsworth, 1996); n, o – China: (n) Guangxi (Wang, Kuang, 1993; Zhang et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2012), (o) Yunnan (Feng, Ye, 1996); p – Southeastern Thailand, Saba Yoi area (Sashida et al., 2000); r – Malaysia, Northern Perak (Jasin, Harun, 2006); c – Eastern Australia, New England Range (Aitchison, 1993). The locations of radiolarians of the Tournaisian stage (a–g, g–l, n–c) and the lower Tournaisian substage (d, f, m) are plotted on an adapted scheme of the global reconstruction of continents and oceans for the Early Carboniferous (Scotese, 2001).

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4. Fig. 3. Ecozones of radiolarians of the Lower Tournaisian substage of the Lower Carboniferous.

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5. Fig. 4. Radiolarians of the Entactiniidae gen. et sp. indet. ecozone, lower Tournaisian substage, northern side of the Caspian Depression, Karachaganak massif, borehole 21 (int. 5097–5103 m, sample 8544) (from: Afanas’eva, 2000, pl. 130, figs. 24–28): a–d – Entactiniidae gen. et sp. indet. (bar = 90 µm): a – specimen PIN, no. 5507/00126; b – specimen PIN, no. 5507/00206; c – specimen PIN, no. 5507/00210; d – specimen. PIN, No. 5507/00219; d – copy PIN, No. 5507/00601, ground.

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6. Fig. 5. Distribution of radiolarians in the Lower Tournaisian deposits of the Zolotozerskaya suite, Melekesskaya-1 borehole (according to M.S. Afanasyeva from: Fortunatova et al., 2023, Fig. 68 with modifications and additions). The ranges of radiolarian distribution in two ecozones are highlighted in color.

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7. Fig. 6. Early Tournaisian radiolarians, Volga-Ural region, borehole. Melekesskaya-1, Spongentactinia oraia ecozone (Figs. 1–14) and Provisocyntra kononovae ecozone (Figs. 15–32) (according to M.S. Afanasyeva from: Afanasieva et al., 2023, Fig. 8, and Fortunatova et al., 2023, Tables 4 and 5, with changes and additions): 1 – Adamasirad cathedrarius Afanasieva, 2000 (bar = 65 µm); 2 – Nestelliana glomerosa Afanasieva, 2022 (68 µm); 3 – N. grassiclatrata Afanasieva, 2022 (65 µm); 4 – Provisocyntra cassicula Nazarov et Ormiston, 1987 (100 µm); 5 – P. magniporosa Afanasieva, 2022 (85 µm); 6 – P. valminazae Afanasieva, 2022 (135 µm); 7 – Spongentactinia altasulcata (Won, 1983) (75 µm); 8 – S. oraia Afanasieva, 2023 (128 µm); 9 – Entactinia zaitsevae Afanasieva, 2023 (84 µm); 10 – E. mariannae Afanasieva et Amon, 2017 (81 µm); 11 – E. parapycnoclada Nazarov et Ormiston, 1985 (112 µm); 12 – Triaenosphaera fortunatovae Afanasieva, 2023 (68 µm); 13 – T. spiroacus Afanasieva, 2023 (76 µm); 14 – Spinoalius melekessensis Afanasieva, 2019 (128 µm); 15 – Borisella cf. bykovae Afanasieva, 2000 (85 µm); 16 – Duplexia cf. foremanae (Ormiston et Lane, 1976) (78 µm); 17 – Entactinia vulgaris Won, 1983 (112 µm); 18 – E. mariannae Afanasieva et Amon, 2017 (73 µm); 19 – E. zaitsevae Afanasieva, 2023 (73 µm); 20 – Triaenosphaera fortunatovae Afanasieva, 2023 (76 µm); 21 – T. sicarius Deflandre, 1973 (73 µm); 22 – T. spiroacus Afanasieva, 2023 (66 µm); 23 – Radiobisphaera cf. nazaroviana Won, 1997 (81 µm); 24 – R. sp. F (73 µm); 25 – Duodecimentactinia cf. ampla Won, 1997 (87 µm); 26 – Provisocyntra magniporosa Afanasieva, 2022 (150 µm); 27 – P. cassicula Nazarov et Ormiston, 1987 (148 µm); 28 – P. valminazae Afanasieva, 2022 (124 µm); 29 – P. grandis Afanasieva, 2022 (235 µm); 30 – P. kononovae Afanasieva, 2022 (64 µm); 31 – Spongentactinia cf. diplostraca (Foreman, 1963) (53 µm); 32 – Ceratoikiscum cf. araneosum Afanasieva, 2000 (53 µm). The white line marks the boundary between radiolarian ecozones.

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8. Fig. 7. The ratio of radiolarian classes in the ecozones of the early Tournaisian of the Lower Carboniferous in the Melekesskaya-1 well (A) and the Kungurian stage of the Lower Permian in the Mechetlino and Alegazovo sections (B).

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9. Fig. 8. Distribution of radiolarians in the Kungurian deposits of the Lower Permian: a, b – Russia: (a) Southern Urals, Ai River, Alegazovo section (Kozur, Mostler, 1989; Amon, 1999; Amon, Chernykh, 2004; Afanasieva, 2023a; Afanasieva, 2023), (b) Southern Urals, Yuryuzan River, Mechetlino section (Chernykh et al., 2022; Afanasieva, 2023a; Afanasieva, 2023); c – Italy, Sicily (Catalano et al., 1989); d – USA, Nevada (Holdsworth, Jones, 1980); d – Japan, Kyoto Prefecture (Ishiga et al. 1982); e–l – China: (f) Liaoning Province (Sheng, Wang, 1985), (g) Jiangsu Province (Sheng, Wang, 1985; Wang, 1993; Wang et al., 1994), (h) Anhui Province (Wang, 1993; Wang et al., 1994), (i) Qinghai Province (Zhao et al., 2016), (j) Yunnan Province (Wang et al., 1994), (l) Guangxi Province (Wang et al., 1994; Xian, Zhang, 1998; Zhang et al., 2010). Radiolarian locations are plotted on an adapted global reconstruction of continents and oceans (Scotese, 2001).

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10. Fig. 9. Kungurian radiolarians of the Southern Urals from the Alegazovo section, Alexialeks uralicus–Octatormentum permicum ecozone (Figs. 1–9) and the Mechetlino section, Astroentactinia mirifica ecozone (Figs. 10–25): 1 – Ruzhencevispongus uralicus Kozur, 1980 (stroke = 58 µm); 2 – Copicyntra ruzhencevi ruzhencevi Kozur et Mostler, 1989 (50 µm); 3 – C. fragilispinosa Kozur et Mostler, 1989 (50 µm); 4 – C. ruzhencevi gracilispinosa Kozur et Mostler, 1989 (50 µm); 5 – Copiellintra oviformis (Kozur et Mostler, 1989) (50 µm); 6 – Octatormentum permicum (Kozur et Mostler, 1989) (50 µm); 7 – Alexialeks distinctus Afanasieva, 2023 (58 µm); 8 – A. alius Afanasieva, 2023 (75 µm); 9 – A. uralicus (Kozur et Mostler, 1989) (50 µm); 10 – Apophysiacus sakmaraensis (Kozur et Mostler, 1989) (90 µm); 11 – Astroentactinia mirifica Afanasieva, 2023 (100 µm); 12 – A. inscita Nazarov in Isakova et Nazarov, 1986 (78 µm); 13 – Borisella sp. K (77 µm); 14 – Helioentactinia parvispina Afanasieva, 2023 (100 µm); 15 – H. venusta Afanasieva, 2023 (122 µm); 16 – Alexialeks distinctus Afanasieva, 2023 (99 µm); 17 – Entactinia mariannae Afanasieva et Amon, 2017 (78 µm); 18 – E. meyeni (Kozur et Mostler, 1989) (109 µm); 19 – Pluristratoentactinia sp. L (77 µm); 20 – Copicyntra ruzhencevi gracilispinosa Kozur et Mostler, 1989 (78 µm); 21 – Tetragregnon sp. A (122 µm); 22 – T. vimineum Amon, Braun et Chuvashov, 1990 (120 µm); 23 – Quadriremis nevadensis Nazarov et Ormiston, 1989 (133 µm); 24 – Latentibifistula triacanthophora Nazarov et Ormiston, 1983 (263 µm); 25 – Ormistonella gliptoacus (Nazarov et Ormiston, 1985) (149 µm). Designation: vertical shading indicates the absence of radiolarians.

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11. Fig. 10. Radiolarian ecozones of the Kungurian stage of the Southern Urals of Russia.

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12. Fig. 11. Radiolarian zones of the Kungurian stage of Southern China and Southwestern Japan.

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13. Fig. 12. Distribution of radiolarians in the Kungurian deposits of the Southern Urals: 1 – Yuryuzan River, Mechetlino section (Afanasyeva, 2023a; Afanasieva, 2023); 2 – Ai River, Alegazovo section (Kozur, 1980; Kozur, Mostler, 1989; Afanasyeva, 2023a; Afanasieva, 2023). The signs ▨ and “–” mark intervals where there is no information on radiolarians. The intervals of radiolarian distribution in two ecozones are highlighted in color.

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14. Fig. 13. Distribution of radiolarians in the water column and sediment: transition from biocenosis to taphocenosis and oryctocenosis. Designations: 1–4 – dominant inhabitants of water columns at different depths: (1) – Spumellaria, (2) – Sphaerellaria, (3) – Stauraxonaria, (4) – Albaillellaria; 5–8 – taxa of tapho- and oryctocenoses from overlying water layers that resisted dissolution: (5) – Spumellaria, (6) – Sphaerellaria, (7) – Stauraxonaria, (8) – Albaillellaria; 9 – oryctocenoses.

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