Vol 22, No 3 (2026)

Subject of research: problems of applying the provisions on the retroactive effect of criminal law in a situation of partial decriminalization of crimes in the sphere of economic activity, using the example of changes in the disposition of Article 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation introduced by Federal Law No. 79-FZ of April 6, 2024.

Purpose of research: to identify the criminal law and procedural consequences of the partial decriminalization of illegal entrepreneurship.

Methods and objects of research: the methodological basis of the research consists of formal legal, systemic and doctrinal methods, a method of interpreting legal norms taking into account the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis.

Research findings: based on the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, explanations of the highest judicial authorities and an analysis of the practice of courts of general jurisdiction, it is substantiated that the exclusion from the disposition of one of the alternative criminalizing features of the objective side of the crime is a form of partial decriminalization and, under certain conditions, requires mandatory termination of the criminal case. The article identifies the main trends in judicial practice, including termination of cases in the absence of the feature of major damage, attempts to return criminal cases to the prosecutor in order to supplement the accusation, erroneous reclassification of acts and inconsistent procedural forms of applying Article 10 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Practice-oriented recommendations are formulated for applying Article 10 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation at various stages of criminal proceedings, including pre-trial proceedings and the review of court decisions that have entered into legal force.

Subject of research: public relations arising in the field of criminal law protection of military property as an element of ensuring national security and the defense capability of the state, as well as the legal regulation of liability for the destruction, damage, and loss of military property under Articles 346–348 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Purpose of research: to analyze current criminal legislation, judicial practice, and regulatory legal acts governing the preservation of military property, as well as to develop proposals for improving the criminal law protection of military property through expanding the range of objects constituting military service offenses.

Research methods: the study employs formal legal and systemic legal methods, as well as methods of analysis and examination of judicial practice.

Objects of research: provisions of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation governing liability for the destruction, damage, and loss of military property; regulatory legal acts defining the composition and types of military property; explanations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; and materials of judicial practice.

Research findings: the study establishes that the current structure of Articles 346–348 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides criminal law protection for weapons, ammunition, and military equipment as the objects of the relevant offenses, which does not fully reflect the contemporary regulatory content of the concept of military property and the objectives of ensuring its preservation. The analysis of legislation and judicial practice has demonstrated that military property encompasses a significantly broader range of movable and immovable assets that are essential for maintaining the defense capability of the state. The necessity of expanding the criminal law protection of military property is substantiated through the inclusion, within the subject matter of the offenses provided for in Articles 346 and 347 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, not only of weapons, ammunition, and military equipment, but also of other types of property assigned to military units and owned by the Russian Federation.

The article examines the socio-legal conditions for establishing a criminal prohibition on violating the procedure for handling carbon units. The formation of a legal regime for carbon units in the Russian Federation, the development of registry accounting for the results of climate projects and the emergence of criminogenic risks in this area require an assessment of the limits of criminal legal impact. The carbon unit is considered as a normatively defined, accounted for and economically significant result of environmental activities, illegal impacts in this area can undermine the reliability of climate accounting and harm public and property interests.

The subject of the research is the socio-legal, criminal-legal, and criminological prerequisites for establishing criminal liability for intentional violations of the procedure for the circulation of carbon units.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the need to ensure the criminal-legal protection of social relations that arise in the field of the circulation of carbon units.

The research methods include dialectical, inductive, deductive, comparative legal, analysis, synthesis, concretization, and criminological forecasting.

The object of the study is the social relations that ensure the established procedure for the issuance, accounting, verification, circulation, and offsetting of carbon units as an element of the mechanism for limiting greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring environmental safety.

The main results of the study are that a carbon unit has the characteristics of an object of an environmental crime, namely: regulatory certainty, individualization in the registry, property value, the possibility of transfer, offset, and illegal influence. The conclusion is substantiated that it is necessary to introduce criminal liability for illegal actions in the field of issuing, accounting, circulation, and offset of carbon units, if they have caused major damage or created a significant threat of harm to environmental safety, the economic interests of the state, or the rights of participants in circulation.

The subject of research is due to the need to develop and use highly sensitive quantum technologies, quantum sensors in data analysis in the branches of science and practice using modern sensors [4; 13] using two types of wave functions that characterize changes in observations, time series f(t) and images F(x, y) in the phase-frequency and phase-time domains.

Purpose of research: development of highly efficient algorithms and software package for data analysis, presented in the form of time series f(t), based on the principle of corpuscular wave dualism and the principle of complementarity, quantum technologies [11] by transformations of investigated images of objects f(t) «quanta of information», signals, into wavelet phase-frequency a1 and phase-time wave functions a2 using wavelet transformations cwt [6] and operations of averaging matrices of coefficients φ(a, b) of transformations cwt, by columns and rows [1].

Research methods: a) transformation of «quanta of information» f(t) images of sets of objects under study into two types of wave functions: phase-frequency a1 and phase-time a2 characteristics [1], calculated using the function of one-dimensional continuous wavelet transformation cwt(f(t), 1:k,' cgau5') and averaging operations of the wavelet coefficient φ(a, b) matrices of wavelet transformations of wavelet transformations cwt by columns and rows, i.e. performing operations a1 = φ(a, b̅ ) and a2 = φ(a̅ , b) k is the scale set by the researcher wavelet "cgau5"; b) statistical analysis a1 and a2 of the waves of the studied observations f(t) with calculation of the coefficients k1 and k2 of the intensities of relative changes of the two compared groups of variables in the frequency and time regions, characterizing the variability of the force of mutual influences of the compared variables in the frequency and time regions. Consistency of changes in compared groups of variables in areas a1 and a2 is established by calculating correlation coefficients between variables in a given window in running mode. At the same time plots of correlations of groups of variables in area a1 characterize frequency bands of interacting variables in specified scales M of wavelet, in area a2 plots of correlations between variables characterize intensities of interactions between variables in time domain. On the derived equations of approximations, second-order regressions of correlation curves between variables in a moving-window mode, the intensity coefficients k1 and k2 of the relative changes of the groups of compared variables are displayed.

Objects of research: time series f(t) of studied, in particular, changes in heliocosmic and climatic variables according to observations in the new era, in 0-2000 and in 1850-2020 in the phase-frequency a1 = φ(a, b̅ ) and phase-time a2 = φ(a̅ , b) regions, wave functions of the initial data f(t) calculated by applying the cwt wavelet transformation.

Research findings: a) the possibility of converting the quanta of information: time series f(t) of heliocosmic and climatic variables into two types of wave functions a1 and a2 using wavelet transformations, corresponding to the particle-wave nature of the micro and macromir; b) the consistency of changes in the wave functions a1 and a2 of greenhouse gases CO₂, NO₂, CH₄ [18] and barycentric motions of the Sun (Baricentr) [9] with groups of variables: changes in tree rings in northern Eurasia [23]: Greenland (Grenlandy), Yamal (Jamal) and Taimyr (Taimyr); components of the Earth's magnetic fields [7] in intensity (Intensiv), inclination (Naklonenie) and declination (Sklonenie); global temperature [18] and sea level [19; 20] between 22–1983 and 1000–1983; investigated the consistency of sea surface temperature changes in three areas of the Fijian archipelago in the southwestern Pacific Ocean on changes in coral chemical compositions in Fiji: Korally A, C, D [17] in 1400–2000 with Baricentr changes; c) consistent changes in the studied curves in time intervals were obtained: 22–1983, 1000–1983, 1400–1983, 1610–2000 and in industrial time, in 1850–2024, 1900–2000 in the phase-time a2 regions characterizing global asymmetric climatic variability in the southern and northern hemispheres of the Earth, the advance of temperature growth in the northern latitudes compared to the southern ones, the drift of the geographical pole from the conditional and the speed of movement of the Earth's magnetic poles, due to the peculiarities of the interactions of the Sun with large planets of the solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune – barycentric motions of the Sun (Baricentr), changes in the elements of the Earth's orbit; d) changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the heat content of the world's oceans, as well as changes in the total ozone content (RSD) in the atmosphere with changes in volcanic eruptions, an increase in global temperature and sea level and changes in the Baricentr variable; e) an increase in the activity of earthquakes with changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth, an increase in natural disasters in our time with changes in accumulated energy in tropical cyclones and other variables, there is an increase in sea level and global temperature with changes in Baricent, solar activity and radiation, the Earth's magnetic field, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and other solar-terrestrial connections.

Group graphs of changes in phase-frequency characteristics a1 and phase-time characteristics a2 of variables show: a) their entanglement, characterizing a strong relationship and interdependence of their changes with significant coefficients in correlation matrices, variability of relationships between variables in the time domain; b) on the time axis of cyclic changes of variables in the phase-time axis a2, the minima of the consistency of variables are confined to the intervals of the minima of the consistency of changes in the components of the Earth's magnetic fields, index aa and minima of solar activity; the nature of changes in the consistency of variables in the phase-time domain a2 is determined by the dynamics of the consistency of changes of these variables in the phase-frequency domain a1, the frequency band of the interacting groups of variables. It has been shown that global climate changes on Earth are caused by changes in the consistency of sets of heliocosmic and climatic variables in the phase-frequency region a1 and the phase-time region a2, and are also associated with volcanic activity accompanied by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and heat input into the bottom waters of the oceans, barycentric motion of the Sun, solar activity, changes in the geomagnetic field of the Earth, and the manifestation of collective phenomena in the system of solar-terrestrial relations caused by gravitational and other interactions of elements in the system.

Subject of research: automated synthesis of workable kinematic schemes and mechanisms from a given discrete set of functional components.

Purpose of research: to overcome the fundamental limitations of modern generative design and topological optimization methods, which are unable to operate with discrete components and guarantee kinematic closure, by developing a new hybrid design architecture.

Research methods: hybrid Evolutionary-Symbolic AI architecture combining evolutionary modeling (genetic algorithms) for structural optimization and Projective Geometric Algebra (PGA, Clifford algebra) for analytical enforcement of kinematics.

Objects of research: synthesis tasks for mechanisms with continuous and conditional closure.

Research findings: an approach was developed that separates the generation of a "kinematic skeleton" (via PGA) and its material implementation from standard parts (via genetic algorithm). The method guarantees assemblability, filters out kinematically incorrect variants at early stages, and solves the problem of phase-dependent contacts (collision vs constraint). Testing showed an 85–90 % reduction in the search space and successful synthesis of mechanisms replicating complex trajectories and performing clamping functions.

Subject of research: the mathematical framework and specialized test patterns designed to automate the selection of correction curves in non-standard printing processes where traditional instrumental calibration methods are inapplicable or economically impractical.

Purpose of research: to develop a methodology that significantly reduces time and material consumption when determining correction curves in non-standard printing processes by transitioning from a trial-and-error approach to a mathematically grounded algorithm based on a specially designed, visually measurable test image.

Research methods: the Nelder – Mead method is applied to solve the inverse problem.

Objects of research: the process of image distortion during printing is being studied.

Research findings: a methodology has been developed for constructing correction curves in printing processes based on naked-eye visual observations, eliminating the need for specialized measuring instruments.